Abstract : Hate speech poses a significant challenge to democratic societies, especially in diverse nations like  India where linguistic, religious, and cultural pluralism coexist. While the Indian Constitution guarantees the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a), this right is subject to reasonable restrictions, including those aimed at maintaining public order, morality, and the sovereignty of the state. The regulation of hate speech involves a delicate balancing act between safeguarding free expression and preventing speech that incites violence, discrimination, or hostility against communities. This paper examines the constitutional provisions, statutory framework, and judicial interpretations concerning hate speech in India, while critically evaluating whether existing laws strike the right balance between liberty and security. It also explores challenges in enforcement, the impact of social media, and the potential need for a comprehensive hate speech law.

Keywords: Hate Speech, Free Speech, Article 19, Public Order, Indian Penal Code, Reasonable Restrictions, Constitution of India, Supreme Court of India, Social Media Regulation.