Abstract: The rising population of elderly persons in India has brought significant socio-legal challenges, including neglect, abuse, poor health care, economic insecurity, and lack of social protection. Despite constitutional safeguards and statutory mechanisms such as the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, the lived reality of senior citizens often reflects marginalization and vulnerability. This research paper critically examines the evolution, scope, and implementation of elder rights in India, focusing on constitutional mandates, statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and policy frameworks. The paper also evaluates existing loopholes and suggests reforms to ensure a human-rights–oriented approach to elder care and dignity.